Chapter 31

Theme: New World Order "Multiculturalism"

• In August 2001, Telmo Alvear became a waiter at the Windows on the World restaurant located in the North Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City.
  
• The restaurant was part of the transnational community created by the over 50,000 people who work at the World Trade Center.
  
• Many of the firms renting space in the Twin Towers were multinational operations from Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.
  
• The WTC symbolized American leadership and the belief that transnationalism would lay the foundation for a new world order based on democratic liberalism.
  

War in the Middle East

• When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, President Bush formed a coalition:
  
  • to prevent Iraqi aggression against Saudi Arabia.
    
  • to enforce economic sanctions against Iraq.
    
• Bush shifted policies and prepared for an offensive war to drive out Iraq. <Movie: The Kingdom (Us relationship with Saudi Arabia>
  
• The U.S. relentlessly bombed Iraq, driving it from Kuwait. (1^st time seeing war live on TV)
  
• The war left Iraq devastated and, although Saddam Hussein remained in power, wreaked ecological havoc in the region. (setting the oil rigs on fire, some actually are still burning)
  
• Mideast tensions worsened due to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
  
• A Saudi millionaire built the Al-Qaeda terrorist network. (Osma bin Laden)
  

The Election of 1992

• (Bush: "No New Taxes")
  
• A harsh recession and soaring national debt had eroded public confidence in the Bush administration.
  
• Democrats turned to centrist governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas who stressed the need for fiscal responsibility, a middle class tax cut and new jobs.
  
• Billionaire H. Ross Perot won support for his independent bid with his folksy style and criticism of Washington insiders. (1^st time an independent made a dent in the electoral college)
  
• Clinton focused on the "forgotten middle class" in an effort to return Reagan Democrats to the fold.
  
• Clinton won 43 percent of the vote to Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent.
  

The Clinton Strategy

• Clinton broke political gridlock by positioning himself between warring Democrats and Republicans.
  
• Often backing ideas friendly to Republicans, he clashed with liberal democrats.
  
• Clinton unsuccessfully promoted a plan for national health insurance:
  
• Clinton pushed through a series of trade agreements (NAFTA and GATT) that raised fears that jobs were being sent abroad while environmental standards were being weakened at home.
  

Peacekeeping in the Balkans

• Human rights became factors in trade and diplomatic relations.
  
• International organizations were formed to work with the United Nations to aid victims of abuses.
  
• Clinton connected with human rights to the expansion of democracy.
  
• Heightened ethnic nationalism and religious fundamentalism created unrest across the globe, especially in the Balkans.
  
• The civil war in Kosovo between the Serbians and Albanians was the worst foreign crisis of Clinton's presidency.
  
• After negotiations failed, NATO bombed Serbian forces that eventually withdrew from Kosovo. Their president was indicted on war crimes.
  

Tech Boom & Silicon Valley

• The greatest stimulus to the economy was the soaring stock market, led by "tech" stocks. (Amazon.com)
  
• The resulting economic boom created huge profits.
  
• Critics noted the ill effects of downsizing and the pay disparity between white and blue collar workers plus the continuing decline of blue-collar jobs.
  
• Silicon Valley in northern California emerged as the capital of the American computer industry.
  
• Although Silicon Valley resembled a suburb, it was a sprawl of two dozen cities that expanded rapidly as the computer industry grew.
  
• Silicon Valley divided along class lines:
  
  • The white male managers and engineers lived in affluent communities.
    
  • non-unionized, Latino and Asian workers lived in poor communities.
    
• By the early 1990s the Silicon Valley had lost its boomtown atmosphere as competition increased.
  

*Quiz online. On Friday we will review Ch. 31, and for the final.

The Racial Divide

• In the spring of 1992, rioting broke out when a jury acquitted four Los Angeles police officers who had been videotaped beating a black motorist. (Rodney King)
  
• Rioters included Latino and African Americans.
  
• The rioting revealed the animosity between Korean storeowners and African American customers who targeted the stores for destruction.
  
• For many African Americans, the Los Angeles situation seemed more desperate than ever and whites seemed not to care at all.
  
• The widening racial divide was also shown by the trial of O. J. Simpson and the percentage of racial minorities in prisons, especially African American males.
  

Random Violence and Terrorism

• During the 1990s and early twenty-first century, random violence and terrorism escalated culminating with the catastrophic September 11, 2001 suicide attacks.
  
• The 1988 bombing of a Pan Am plane was followed by the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center (parking garage, North Tower) that brought terrorism home to the United States. (WTC is the center of US fiscal economy)
  
• In 1998, Middle East terrorists car-bombed U. S. embassies in Africa. (& bombed a military barracks)
  
• The 1995 bombing in Oklahoma City was different in that domestic terrorists were responsible. (All going on in with the media, seen in song lyrics posted online…Flipside, US History)
  
• One of the most tragic incidents of violence the murders at Columbine High school in Littleton, Colorado.
  
• (1 year anniversary of VT…. Brady Bill, Clinton….1^st major push to control guns)
  

Culture Wars

• Culture wars erupted over a struggle to define American values that pit conservative Republicans and Clinton Democrats. (Pat Robinson, Jerry Falwell, & Newt Gingrich) (growing since the end of Nixon's presidency, a lot seen before the 2000 election)
  
• Conservatives supported what they called universal, traditional values.
  
• Democrats supported multiculturalism.
  
• Conflicts also arose over affirmative action, gays, and women.
  
• A growing controversy arose over stem cell research. (when Bush 1^st took office, he discussed with the Pope…against stem cell research)
  

Contract With America

• Throughout his political career, Bill Clinton faced questions of morality. <Monica>
  
• Led by Newt Gingrich, a new breed of younger conservative Republicans swept the Congressional elections of 1994. (mend fences)
  
• Republicans promoted a "Contract with America" to cut welfare and eliminate affirmative action. (instead of working for compromise, just trying to get what they want…radio shows)
  
• Failure to compromise on a budget in 1995 shut the government down and proved a public relations disaster for the GOP. (no one could agree on the budget, so the government shut down)(huge nightmare for PR of the GOP)
  

High Crimes and Misdemeanors

• Bill Clinton proved adept at co-opting Republican issues such as ending big government and balancing the budget.
  
• In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton projected a reasonable, conservative image and portrayed Republicans as conservative radicals.
  
• Clinton easily beat GOP candidate Bob Dole and independent Ross Perot.
  
• In 1998, a sex scandal embroiled the White House, leading to impeachment inquiries. The midterm election resulted in Democratic gains, due in part to the economic prosperity.
  
• The Republican House voted to impeach Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice but failed to convict him.
  

  
  

The Election of 2000

• Florida, in spotlight.
  
• Campaigns realized they could make a difference by showing up on television shows and magazines. (Cover of Rolling Stone)
  

Your Final will be based exactly how you saw your income.

• Review all old quizzes, they will be in PDF format on WebCT.
  
  • Questions on Final will be similar to those on the quizzes.
    
• Review your notes & the blog.
  
• On the essay portion- choose the one you want to answer, based on readings from WWII on.
  
  • Get note cards, put the title of your reading on the front, on the back, put the author, and briefly what the writing is about.
    
• Bring a BLUEBOOK, Professor Anderson will provide the scantron.
  
• 10 pts. Extra credit.
  
• 47 Questions, 1 essay.
  
• Exam is Next Wednesday at 8:00 AM.
  

(Loosely Comprehensive)

Chapter 31

Ch. 31    Towards a Transnational America, since 1988

Theme: New World Order     "Multiculturalism"

• In August 2001, Telmo Alvear became a waiter at the Windows on the World restaurant located in the North Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City.
  
• The restaurant was part of the transnational community created by the over 50,000 people who work at the World Trade Center.
  
• Many of the firms renting space in the Twin Towers were multinational operations from Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.
  
• The WTC symbolized American leadership and the belief that transnationalism would lay the foundation for a new world order based on democratic liberalism.
  

 

War in the Middle East

• When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, President Bush formed a coalition:
  
  • to prevent Iraqi aggression against Saudi Arabia.
    
  • to enforce economic sanctions against Iraq.
    
• Bush shifted policies and prepared for an offensive war to drive out Iraq. <Movie: The Kingdom (Us relationship with Saudi Arabia>
  
• The U.S. relentlessly bombed Iraq, driving it from Kuwait. (1^st time seeing war live on TV)
  
• The war left Iraq devastated and, although Saddam Hussein remained in power, wreaked ecological havoc in the region. (setting the oil rigs on fire, some actually are still burning)
  
• Mideast tensions worsened due to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
  
• A Saudi millionaire built the Al-Qaeda terrorist network. (Osma bin Laden)
  

 

The Election of 1992

• (Bush: "No New Taxes")
  
• A harsh recession and soaring national debt had eroded public confidence in the Bush administration.
  
• Democrats turned to centrist governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas who stressed the need for fiscal responsibility, a middle class tax cut and new jobs.
  
• Billionaire H. Ross Perot won support for his independent bid with his folksy style and criticism of Washington insiders. (1^st time an independent made a dent in the electoral college)
  
• Clinton focused on the "forgotten middle class" in an effort to return Reagan Democrats to the fold.
  
• Clinton won 43 percent of the vote to Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent.
  

 

The Clinton Strategy

• Clinton broke political gridlock by positioning himself between warring Democrats and Republicans.
  
• Often backing ideas friendly to Republicans, he clashed with liberal democrats.
  
• Clinton unsuccessfully promoted a plan for national health insurance:
  
• Clinton pushed through a series of trade agreements (NAFTA and GATT) that raised fears that jobs were being sent abroad while environmental standards were being weakened at home.
  

 

Peacekeeping in the Balkans

• Human rights became factors in trade and diplomatic relations.
  
• International organizations were formed to work with the United Nations to aid victims of abuses.
  
• Clinton connected with human rights to the expansion of democracy.
  
• Heightened ethnic nationalism and religious fundamentalism created unrest across the globe, especially in the Balkans.
  
• The civil war in Kosovo between the Serbians and Albanians was the worst foreign crisis of Clinton's presidency.
  
• After negotiations failed, NATO bombed Serbian forces that eventually withdrew from Kosovo. Their president was indicted on war crimes.
  

 

Tech Boom & Silicon Valley

• The greatest stimulus to the economy was the soaring stock market, led by "tech" stocks. (Amazon.com)
  
• The resulting economic boom created huge profits.
  
• Critics noted the ill effects of downsizing and the pay disparity between white and blue collar workers plus the continuing decline of blue-collar jobs.
  
• Silicon Valley in northern California emerged as the capital of the American computer industry.
  
• Although Silicon Valley resembled a suburb, it was a sprawl of two dozen cities that expanded rapidly as the computer industry grew.
  
• Silicon Valley divided along class lines:    
  
  •     The white male managers and engineers lived in affluent communities.
    
  •     non-unionized, Latino and Asian workers lived in poor communities.
    
• By the early 1990s the Silicon Valley had lost its boomtown atmosphere as competition increased.
  

  
   

  
   

  *Quiz online. On Friday we will review Ch. 31, and for the final.
  

Ch. 30: The Conservative Ascendancy, 1974—1987

Theme: Grass Roots Conservatism

• In 1962, Garden Grove resident Bee Gathright discovered she was a conservative. Gathright and her husband Neil soon joined the California Republican Assembly and were active in Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign.
  
• In the 1960s and seventies, Orange County had thousands of "kitchen table" activists began transforming American conservatism and American politics leading to the election of Ronald Reagan as president.
  
• Conservative rhetoric shed its extremist message by stressing less government and family issues. Evangelical religion also played a role.
  

Oil and the Troubled Economy

• High prices and a stagnant economy led Americans to question their faith in progress and prosperity.
  
• Dependence on imported oil had steadily grown.
  
• When the U.S. backed Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Arab states that controlled OPEC (Organization of Oil Trading Countries) pushed through an embargo leading to skyrocketing prices and public suspicion that someone was profiting at the public's expense.
  

Oil and Economic Decline

• President Nixon ordered oil conservation measures.
  
• Soaring energy prices led to rapid, sustained inflation.
  
• At the same time, the worst economic decline since the Great Depression began.
  
• Steel and auto making faced stiff competition and declining market shares.
  
• American productivity and quality continued to decline.
  
• Despite increased foreign demand for crops, soaring energy costs hurt farmers now forced to borrow money at high interest rates.
  

Blue-Collar Blues

• Outside of the public sector, the number of unionized workers steadily declined.
  
  • "Nation of hamburger stands."
    
• The number of wage-earning women increased but their income, relative to men, declined.
  
• African American women in the North earned nearly as much as white women, but Hispanic women tended to be confined to the lowest wage sectors. (waitressing, hotel staff, cleaning crew.)
  

Sunbelt/Snowbelt Communities (Where your grandparents are going to retire: warm, cookie-cutter homes, spread out)

• The economic slump of the 1970s was most pronounced in the Midwest and Northeast in contrast to what became known as the Sunbelt.
  
• Large-scale migration fueled Sunbelt population growth.
  
• The burgeoning computer industry and defense contracts helped Sunbelt communities weather the recession.
  
• Sunbelt prosperity was not evenly spread and a two-tier class society developed.
  
• Snowbelt cities like Philadelphia and New York faced urban decay.
  
• Air conditioning, water diversion, and other improvements turned deserts into suburbs.
  

The Ford Presidency (In office for 1 term, jokes that he and Carter didn't do anything)

• Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency following Richard Nixon's resignation.
  
• After pardoning Nixon, Ford lost the nation's trust. (The United States was upset)
  
• Ford lacked a clear program and vetoed bills to hold down spending, many of which Congress passed over his veto.
  
• Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican presidential nomination. (Ford finished out Nixon's term…almost a full term)
  
• Democrats turned to one-term GA Governor Jimmy Carter.
  
• Carter narrowly defeated Ford, building on his moderate image, his outsider status, and his pledge to restore trust. ("I can make things change, I'm new blood")
  

  <Pictures Ford & Carter>
  

The Carter Presidency

• Carter was unable to get his legislation through Congress.
  
• Carter by and large supported conservative policies like deregulation and increased military spending.
  
• Inflation and interest rates soared leading many to conclude that Carter could not turn the economy around.
  
  • "Family Man" (Democrat) – Baptist, very religious.
    
  • Focused on Military spending.
    

The New Urban Politics

• Political mobilization during the 1970s frequently focused on community issues that cut across ideological lines.
  
• College students along with African Americans and other minorities mobilized and won power in numerous communities. (Politics, Policies)
  
• Several major cities elected black mayors. (including Atlanta)
  
• The fiscal crisis of the 1970s frequently foiled their plans for reforms.
  

 

The City and the Neighborhood

• Community groups tried to empower their members to take control over a wide range of issues.
  
• By the end of the 1970s, community-based economic development groups were infusing capital into neighborhoods.
  
• After activists had restored a neighborhood, gentrification soon followed.
  

The Endangered Environment

• <The Rise of Earth Day>
  
• The roots of the environmental movement dated back to the works of Rachel Carson (Silent Spring) in the early 1960s.
  
• Twenty million Americans participated in the first Earth Day.
  
  • 1970- 3 Mile Island, PA – Nuclear Reactor Meltdown. Pg. 931 (infrared picture, Love Canal)
    
• The Three Mile Island incident and the linking of cancer at Love Canal to toxic waste raised U.S. concern over pollution.
  
  • <www.threemileisland.org>
    
• Growing interest in the concept of ecology led Americans to lobby for renewable energy sources, protecting endangered species, and reducing pollution.
  
• Despite public outcries, government officials frequently responded to other pressures.
  

Small-Town America

• A growing number of Americans were leaving metropolitan areas for small towns.
  
• Suburbs and shopping malls sprang up in small towns, frustrating established local merchants who had looked for an economic boom.
  
• Many communities organized to oppose further growth.     
  
• Areas outside of the Sunbelt and away from cities suffered as family farms and other businesses failed.
  

The New Right

• A variety of forces converged to turn back the Great Society and form the new right:
  
  • conservative centers like the Heritage Foundation
    
  • paramilitary groups
    
  • religious conservatives who supplied the strongest boost
    
• The New Right promoted its agenda through televangelists. (oppose abortion, etc. Tammy Fae & Tim Baker)
  
• New Right politicians like Jesse Helms amassed huge campaign chests.
  
• The New Right successfully blocked ratification of the ERA and rallied support for efforts to make abortions illegal.
  

The "Me" Decade

• Critics characterized the 1970s as a decade when Americans:
  
  • abandoned political change
    
  • focused on personal well being
    
  • Fostered a "culture of narcissism."
    
• During the 1970s, a wide range of personal growth techniques (yoga, healing tapes, etc.) flourished among the middle class.
  
• Religious cults grew. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonestown>
  
• Popular music became increasingly despairing and nihilistic, nostalgic, or decadent. (CCR- groups in the 70's- Pinkk Floyd)
  

  Youtube.com/watch?
  

A Thaw in the Cold War

• Presidents Ford and Carter both believe that American power had been declining and that there should be no more Vietnams.
  
• High levels of military spending had hurt the American ability to compete effectively with economic rivals.
  
• American diplomats sought a way to wind down the cold war by getting the Soviets to agree to respect human rights and by negotiating arms control agreements.
  

Foreign Policy and Moral Principles

• Jimmy Carter pledged to put human rights at the center of his foreign policy. (shoots himself in the foot)
  
• Though speaking out about violations in some nations, he overlooked others in areas vital to United States interests.
  
• His greatest success came when he negotiated the Camp David Accord between Egypt and Israel, though the agreement did not bring stability to the region.
  
• Carter reformed the CIA and returning the Canal Zone to Panama.
  
• Carter received contradictory advice urging him to be both tough on and conciliatory towards the Soviets.
  
• His Third World efforts mixed support for both authoritarian and revolutionary governments.
  
• He urged Americans to put aside their "inordinate fear of Communism," but reacted strongly to a Soviet intervention in Afghanistan.
  

The Iran Hostage Crisis

• Carter's decision to allow the deposed Shah of Iran to enter the country for medical treatment backfired.
  
• Iranian students seized the American embassy and held its personnel hostage.
  
• He tried diplomacy and at the same time an ill-fated rescue operation. Both failed.
  

The Election of 1980

• When his programs failed to stimulate the economy, Carter claimed that the nation was experiencing a crisis of confidence.
  
• The plan backfired and voters lost respect for him.
  
• As the election of 1980 approached, an unenthusiastic Democratic convention endorsed him.
  
• The Republicans nominated Ronald Reagan who asked voters "are you better off now than you were four years ago?"
  
• Reagan won 50.9 percent of the vote but an overwhelming majority in the Electoral College.
  

The Great Communicator

• <Picture> Entertainer, actor- "the face of TV" Becomes governor of California in 1966- welfare, attacted student protestors & black militants- "go back to the family." (Anti-abortion, family issues) Delivered a political agenda for GE through TV. Supported Barry Goldwater's 1964 Presidential Campaign.
  

• Ronald Reagan tried to reshape the political landscape of the nation. Reagan's program aimed to stimulate the economy by:
  
  • cutting government spending
    
  • government deregulation
    
  • cutting taxes for the wealthy
    
• He appointed conservatives to head agencies like EPA that abolished or weakened rules protecting the environment and workplace safety.
  
• Reagan called for a massive military buildup.
  

The Election of 1984

• In the 1984 election, Walter Mondale won the Democratic nomination by concentrating on the traditional Democratic constituencies.
  
• Reagan countered Mondale's criticisms by claiming that the nation was strong, united, and prosperous.
  
• Reagan won in one of history's biggest landslides.
  

Recession, Recovery, Fiscal Crisis

• A recession gripped the economy during the early 1980s.
  
• By the mid-1980s the economy grew and inflation was under control.
  
• Critics claimed the growth resulted from increased military spending.
  
• The economic recovery was unevenly spread; most new jobs did not pay enough to support a family.
  
• Enormous budget deficits grew to an unprecedented $2 trillion as the U.S. became the world's leading debtor.
  
• The fiscal crisis was made worse by scandals in securities industry. In 1987, the stock market crashed, ending the bull market of the 1980s.
  

Family Income and Net Worth

• While the 1980s celebrated wealth and moneymaking, the gap between rich and poor widened. The middle class also declined.
  
• Earnings and Poverty
  
• Average weekly earnings declined.
  
• New Jobs and Poverty
  
• Half the new jobs did not pay enough to keep a family out of poverty.
  
• Income, Race, and Gender
  
• Race sharply defined the gap between rich and poor.
  
• Women also experienced declining earning power.
  

Epidemics

• The 1980s saw new epidemics erupt.
  
• "Yuppie" (someone who is young, affluent, trying to look rich- but not really) cocaine and inner-city crack use spiraled, unleashing a crime wave.
  
  • The Reagan administration declared a war on drugs, but concentrated its resources on the overseas supply and did little to control demand at home.
    
• In 1981, doctors identified a puzzling disease initially found among gay men—AIDS.
  
• An epidemic of homelessness grew during the decade. One third were mental patients discharged from psychiatric hospitals.
  

The Evil Empire

• Reagan made anti-Communism the centerpiece of his foreign policy, calling the Soviet Union an "evil empire."
  
• Despite American superiority, Reagan pushed to enlarge the nuclear strike force.
  
• He called for a space-based "Star Wars" missile defense system that many saw as an effort to achieve a first-strike capability.
  
• Attempts at meaningful arms control stalled.
  

The Reagan Doctrine and Central America

• The Reagan Doctrine pursued anti-Communist activity in Central America.
  
• Reagan's "Caribbean Basin Initiative" to stimulate economic growth tied the region's economy closer to American corporations.
  
• Reagan intervened in Grenada, E1 Salvador, and waged a covert war against the revolutionary government of Nicaragua.
  
  • Contra... fighting one government to take over the other government.
    

The Iran-Contra Scandal

• In 1986, news broke of how the United States traded arms to Iran in return for their assistance in freeing hostages held by terrorist groups. The money from the arms sales was used to fund the Contras in Nicaragua.
  
• Oliver North, who ran the enterprise, acknowledged that he had told a web of lies and destroyed evidence, all in the name of patriotism.
  
• An investigating commission concluded that Reagan had allowed a small, unsupervised group to run the operation. <Plausible Deniability- Reagan>
  
• In 1992, outgoing President George Bush, whose involvement had been the target of much speculation, pardoned several officials who were scheduled to be tried.
  

 

Brooklyn Brewery- the community starts to take over.

Chapter 30: The Conservative Ascendancy, 1974—1987

Theme: Grass Roots Conservatism
In 1962, Garden Grove resident Bee Gathright discovered she was a conservative. Gathright and her husband Neil soon joined the California Republican Assembly and were active in Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign.
In the 1960s and seventies, Orange County had thousands of "kitchen table" activists began transforming American conservatism and American politics leading to the election of Ronald Reagan as president.
Conservative rhetoric shed its extremist message by stressing less government and family issues. Evangelical religion also played a role.

Oil and the Troubled Economy
High prices and a stagnant economy led Americans to question their faith in progress and prosperity.
Dependence on imported oil had steadily grown.
When the U.S. backed Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Arab states that controlled OPEC (Organization of Oil Trading Countries) pushed through an embargo leading to skyrocketing prices and public suspicion that someone was profiting at the public's expense.

Oil and Economic Decline
President Nixon ordered oil conservation measures.
Soaring energy prices led to rapid, sustained inflation.
At the same time, the worst economic decline since the Great Depression began.
Steel and auto making faced stiff competition and declining market shares.
American productivity and quality continued to decline.
Despite increased foreign demand for crops, soaring energy costs hurt farmers now forced to borrow money at high interest rates.

Blue-Collar Blues
Outside of the public sector, the number of unionized workers steadily declined.
“Nation of hamburger stands.”
The number of wage-earning women increased but their income, relative to men, declined.
African American women in the North earned nearly as much as white women, but Hispanic women tended to be confined to the lowest wage sectors. (waitressing, hotel staff, cleaning crew.)

Sunbelt/Snowbelt Communities (Where your grandparents are going to retire: warm, cookie-cutter homes, spread out)
The economic slump of the 1970s was most pronounced in the Midwest and Northeast in contrast to what became known as the Sunbelt.
Large-scale migration fueled Sunbelt population growth.
The burgeoning computer industry and defense contracts helped Sunbelt communities weather the recession.
Sunbelt prosperity was not evenly spread and a two-tier class society developed.
Snowbelt cities like Philadelphia and New York faced urban decay.
Air conditioning, water diversion, and other improvements turned deserts into suburbs.

The Ford Presidency (In office for 1 term, jokes that he and Carter didn’t do anything)
Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency following Richard Nixon’s resignation.
After pardoning Nixon, Ford lost the nation’s trust. (The United States was upset)
Ford lacked a clear program and vetoed bills to hold down spending, many of which Congress passed over his veto.
Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican presidential nomination. (Ford finished out Nixon’s term…almost a full term)
Democrats turned to one-term GA Governor Jimmy Carter.
Carter narrowly defeated Ford, building on his moderate image, his outsider status, and his pledge to restore trust. (“I can make things change, I’m new blood”)


The Carter Presidency
Carter was unable to get his legislation through Congress.
Carter by and large supported conservative policies like deregulation and increased military spending.
Inflation and interest rates soared leading many to conclude that Carter could not turn the economy around.
“Family Man” (Democrat) – Baptist, very religious.
Focused on Military spending.

The New Urban Politics
Political mobilization during the 1970s frequently focused on community issues that cut across ideological lines.
College students along with African Americans and other minorities mobilized and won power in numerous communities. (Politics, Policies)
Several major cities elected black mayors. (including Atlanta)
The fiscal crisis of the 1970s frequently foiled their plans for reforms.

The City and the Neighborhood
Community groups tried to empower their members to take control over a wide range of issues.
By the end of the 1970s, community-based economic development groups were infusing capital into neighborhoods.
After activists had restored a neighborhood, gentrification soon followed.

The Endangered Environment
·
The roots of the environmental movement dated back to the works of Rachel Carson (Silent Spring) in the early 1960s.
Twenty million Americans participated in the first Earth Day.
1970- 3 Mile Island, PA – Nuclear Reactor Meltdown. Pg. 931 (infrared picture, Love Canal)
The Three Mile Island incident and the linking of cancer at Love Canal to toxic waste raised U.S. concern over pollution.

Growing interest in the concept of ecology led Americans to lobby for renewable energy sources, protecting endangered species, and reducing pollution.
Despite public outcries, government officials frequently responded to other pressures.

Small-Town America
A growing number of Americans were leaving metropolitan areas for small towns.
Suburbs and shopping malls sprang up in small towns, frustrating established local merchants who had looked for an economic boom.
Many communities organized to oppose further growth.
Areas outside of the Sunbelt and away from cities suffered as family farms and other businesses failed.

The New Conservatism / The New Right
A variety of forces converged to turn back the Great Society and form the new right:
conservative centers like the Heritage Foundation
paramilitary groups
religious conservatives who supplied the strongest boost
The New Right promoted its agenda through televangelists. (oppose abortion, etc. Tammy Fae & Tim Baker)
New Right politicians like Jesse Helms amassed huge campaign chests.
The New Right successfully blocked ratification of the ERA and rallied support for efforts to make abortions illegal.

The “Me” Decade
Critics characterized the 1970s as a decade when Americans:
abandoned political change
focused on personal well being
Fostered a “culture of narcissism.”
During the 1970s, a wide range of personal growth techniques (yoga, healing tapes, etc.) flourished among the middle class.
Religious cults grew.
Popular music became increasingly despairing and nihilistic, nostalgic, or decadent. (CCR- groups in the 70’s- Pinkk Floyd)
Youtube.com/watch?

A Thaw in the Cold War
Presidents Ford and Carter both believe that American power had been declining and that there should be no more Vietnams.
High levels of military spending had hurt the American ability to compete effectively with economic rivals.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

***Reminder- Quiz on WebCT due before class Friday Morning!

...Extended through Monday morning!!!

Chapter 29

Theme: Making Power

• Uptown, Chicago, Illinois
  


• In 1964, a small group of college students tried to help residents in a poor Chicago neighborhood.
  


• The activists were members of Students for a Democratic Society.
  


• Founded by white college students, SDS initially sought reform and grew by 1968 to have 350 chapters and between 60,000 and 100,000 members. <COMMUNITY>
  


• Efforts to mobilize the urban poor were unsuccessful, but SDS members helped break down isolation and strengthened community ties.
  


• By 1967, SDS energies were being directed into protests against the widening war in Vietnam.
  

Johnson's War

• Although pledging not to send American soldiers into combat, he manipulated Congress into passing a resolution that was tantamount to a declaration of war.
  


• When bombing failed to halt North Vietnamese advances, Johnson sent large numbers of troops into Vietnam to prevent a Communist victory. <He was trying to avoid Truman's legacy- stopping the Commies (China)>
  


• Search-and-destroy missions combined with chemical warfare wreaked havoc on the people and the land.
  


• LBJ was committed to a war of attrition to wear out and destroy Vietnam.
  

The Credibility Gap

• Johnson kept his decisions from the American public and distorted accounts of military actions. (Moralie Schafer, CBS)
  


• News media increasingly questioned the official descriptions of the war.
  


• As casualties mounted, more Americans questions LBJ's handling of the war. (800+ men killed a month)
  


• In Congress, Democratic senators led by J, William Fulbright opposed Johnson's handling of the conflict.
  

"The Times They Are A-Changin'"

• People of all ages protested against the war, but young people stood out. (College Campus)
  


• Early campus protests at Berkeley centered on students' rights to free speech. (700 person march, 800 were arrested-1967)
  


• Many felt that the university had become a faceless bureaucratic machine.
  


• In 1967, San Francisco attracted thousands of young people for the "Summer of Love." (Timothy Leary- Harvard Professor encouraged students to take LSD "Turn on, tune in, drop out.")
  


• Events like the Woodstock festival spoke to many young Americans' desires to create a new sense of community or counterculture. (revolutionary)
  

From Campus Protests to Mass Mobilization

• College students organized protests that questioned the war effort and universities' roles in war-related research.
  


• Student strikes merged opposition to the war and other community issues.
  


• Public opinion polarized.
  


• Massive anti and pro-war rallies occurred.
  


• Nonviolent and violent protests erupted at draft boards. (Vietnam)
  

Teenage Soldiers

• The cultural attitudes of protesters were even found among their equally young GI counterparts.
  


• Working-class Latinos and African American young men made up a disproportionate share of the soldiers. (Majority of the men who enlist come out of poverty stricken areas….when overseas, separated by race.)
  


• Many soldiers grew increasingly bitter over government lies about their alleged victories (LBJ trying to figure out the problem- start making stuff up) and the inability of society to accept them once they returned home. (protestors, pro-war- did not exist, anti-war- put on stage of protest spotlight)
  

The Great Society

• Spurred by books like Michael Harrington's The
  Other America, American awareness of the problems of poverty greatly increased.
  


• Johnson established the Office of Economic Opportunity to lead the war on poverty.
  


• The Job Corps failed, but agencies focusing on education were more successful.
  


• Community Action Agencies threatened to become a new political force that challenged those in power. The Legal Service Program and Head Start (youth programs) made differences in the lives of the poor.
  


• The Great Society was opposed to income redistribution. (take taxes and distribute them)
  


• A 1970 study concluded the war on poverty had barely scratched the surface.
  

Crisis in the Cities

• Cities became segregated centers of poverty and pollution with large minority populations. (movie theatres- as white America moved out to cookie cutter suburbs, poverty stayed in the cities. Money wasn't given to the cities, they kept getting worse.)
  


• Urban black frustrations resulting in over 100 riots in northern cities between 1964 and 1968. (we've gotten through the civil rights movements- riots usually broke out from a white police officer assaulting an African American. Pure frustration)
  


• A presidential commission blamed the rioting on white racism, poverty, and police brutality and recommended massive social reforms.
  

1968- The Tet Offensive

• 
  
  On January 30, 1968 the North Vietnamese launched the Tet offensive, shattering the credibility of American officials who had been predicting a quick victory. (attacked South Vietnam all at once)
  
  
  
  
  
  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfvJqTN-qvT
    


• Despite the military victory, media reports triggered antiwar protests.
  


• LBJ declared a bombing halt and announced he would not seek re-election.